Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. [50][51], In 94BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of Tigranes the Great of Armenia from Cappadocia. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. Examples of tertiary sources include encyclopedias and dictionaries, chronologies, almanacs, directories, indexes, and bibliographies. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. Also useful for understanding Sulla's career are the article by E. Baddian . In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . They are often based on primary sources. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. [84] Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. 106/10 The quaestor L.Sulla arrives at Marius' camp with reinforcements from was the first man to use the army to establish a personal autocracy at Rome.. Sulla first came into prominence when he served as quaestor (107-106 B.C.) [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Partian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals with Rome as superior. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to similar killings that Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence. [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. Categories . The Steamboat Adventure. As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. The Acropolis was then besieged. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE) was a ruthless military commander, who first distinguished himself in the Numidian War under the command of Gaius Marius.His relationship with Marius soured during the conflicts that would follow and lead to a rivalry which would only end with Marius' death.Sulla eventually seized control of the Republic, named himself dictator, and after eliminating his . [25], The Jugurthine War had started in 112BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. Encyclopaedia Romana - Has essays on several aspects of ancient Rome. Books. [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. He became a tribune of the plebeians in 52 BC where he gained a reputation for being a strong supporter of the populares. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. [2023] Welcome to The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. [16] His father may have served as praetor, but details are unclear; his father married twice and Sulla' stepmother was of considerable wealth, which certainly helped the young Sulla's ambitions. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. [60], The next year, 89BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. During these marriages, he engaged in an affair with Nicopolis, who also was older than him. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. His family was patrician, part of the ruling class in ancient Rome. He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. His son, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, issued denarii bearing the name of the dictator,[151] as did a grandson, Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. [31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. Church and W. J. Brodribb. Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic be determined. 1011 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. From 133BC and the start of Tiberius Gracchus' land reforms, Italian communities were displaced from de jure Roman public lands over which no title had been enforced for generations. The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. Guide. vinifera, hereafter V. vinifera) shares a close relationship with humans ().With unmatched cultivar diversity, this food source (table and raisin grapes) and winemaking ingredient (wine grapes) became an emblem of cultural identity in major Eurasian civilizations (1-3), leading to intensive research in ampelography, archaeobotany, and historical . . Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy.[74]. To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, when the U.S. Congress agreed to a declaration of war. While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. Biographies of historical and famous people. Understanding Context: Awareness of the interconnection of events from the past, present and future. The collection currently contains . "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. [109] Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at Dardanus in autumn 85BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus. senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. [45][46], While governing Cilicia, Sulla received orders from the Senate to restore Ariobarzanes to the throne of Cappadocia. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". "[133][134], At the end of 82 BC or the beginning of 81 BC,[135] the Senate appointed Sulla dictator legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa ("dictator for the making of laws and for the settling of the constitution"). Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. The circumstances of his relative poverty as a young man left him removed from his patrician brethren, enabling him to consort with revelers and experience the baser side of human nature. Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. [49] At this meeting, Sulla was told by a Chaldean seer that he would die at the height of his fame and fortune. Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. [87], Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign enemies". Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. [108] Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. He used his powers to purge his opponents, and reform Roman constitutional laws, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the tribunes of the plebs. Updated on October 07, 2019. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents.". His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. History has portrayed them as being emblematic for a generation of chaos in Roman society. In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. Eyeglasses from Colonial America would be a primary source about Early American History. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war.

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