$4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? However, following and presumably as a result of the Second World War and its accompanying cultural and demographic changes in the United States, the prestige of Mid-Atlantic accents largely ended by 1950.[18]. TRANSATLANTIC Accent Tutorial (British perspective) - YouTube Yes, well have to show them where all the McDonalds are, and take them to the Guinness Book of Records Museum. video file (mov) Transatlantic Accent Audition (WW2) video file (mp4) Comedy Presenter. (Stopped short.) ( The following distinctions are examples of this concept: Other distinctions before /r/ include the following: A table containing the consonant phonemes is given below:[75], This article is about the cultivated accent blending American and British English. What IS a Mid Atlantic Accent and why would you want one? Paul Meier Dialect Services: accent and dialect training stream But very few, if any of them, spoke that way naturally. Out of curiosity. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who came from a privileged New York City family, has a non-rhotic accent, though it is not an ordinary New York accent; one of Roosevelt's most frequently heard speeches has a falling diphthong in the word fear, which distinguishes it from other forms of surviving non-rhotic speech in the United States. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. [63] Humorist Tom Lehrer lampooned this accent in a 1945 satirical tribute to his alma mater, Harvard University, called "Fight Fiercely, Harvard". The Trans-Atlantic Accent: The Rise and Fall of a Hollywood Trend The Transatlantic dialect is frequently mistaken for British because of those open vowels as well as a reduction in "r-coloring" - for example, the word "carpenter" will sound like "CAH-pen-teh" (unless the next word begins with a vowel, in which case the r may be elided with that next word). But really, the best way is to listen and repeat, as someone already mentioned. ( But if his company puts up more than half the funds, you can bet theyll have their sweaty little hands all over the film. Also, watch Jackie Kennedy's White House tour over and over again. 1. Learn the accent on purpose (actors used to do that). ( ( ( Beyond that: pronouncing the "h" sound in wh- words (wHat, wHy); phonating the "yie" sound after t, d, n, l and s (Tuesday --> TYOOsdih); and speaking of Tuesday, words ending in a y will usually go to an "ih" sound. The old movie accent is primarily the Transatlantic accent or mid-Atlantic accent for a good reason. The History of the Mid-Atlantic Accent - ba-bamail.com Enjoy it? .s5ap8yh1b4ZfwxvHizW3f{color:var(--newCommunityTheme-metaText);padding-top:5px}.s5ap8yh1b4ZfwxvHizW3f._19JhaP1slDQqu2XgT3vVS0{color:#ea0027} A vehicular language is one that "goes beyond the boundaries of its original community and is used as a second language for communication between communities.". . ). ( And it isn't like most other accents - instead of naturally evolving, the Transatlantic accent was acquired. The Mid-Atlantic accent, or Transatlantic accent,[1][2][3] is a consciously learned accent of English, fashionably used by the late 19th-century and early 20th-century American upper class and entertainment industry, which blended together features regarded as the most prestigious from both American and British English (specifically Received Pronunciation). I've been trying to read "Speak With Distinction" but so far, it really isn't helping me. Im not trying to look lovely. But with a little work, and maybe some more source material (and higher quality no doubt), I think accents are certainly doable. Professional Transatlantic accents to deliver crystal clear messages . ( A good tip I can give you (without going through everything I learned in a dialects class I took, in which we learned Stage Standard) is to start purifying your vowel sounds. 5 0 obj 4 0 obj In: Hampton, Marian E. & Barbara Acker (eds.) They come up with that sort of jargon to fill up their contracts to keep their five million lawyers per square inch employed, when theyre not suing each other. ( <> . [74], A codified version of the Mid-Atlantic accent, American Theatre Standard, advocated by voice coaches like Edith Skinner ("Good Speech" as she called it) and Margaret Prendergast McLean, was once widely taught in acting schools of the early-mid-20th century.[75]. 28 Feb 2023 21:22:43 I know what type he is from our chats on the phone. (Beat.) .Rd5g7JmL4Fdk-aZi1-U_V{transition:all .1s linear 0s}._2TMXtA984ePtHXMkOpHNQm{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:4px}.CneW1mCG4WJXxJbZl5tzH{border-top:1px solid var(--newRedditTheme-line);margin-top:16px;padding-top:16px}._11ARF4IQO4h3HeKPpPg0xb{transition:all .1s linear 0s;display:none;fill:var(--newCommunityTheme-button);height:16px;width:16px;vertical-align:middle;margin-bottom:2px;margin-left:4px;cursor:pointer}._1I3N-uBrbZH-ywcmCnwv_B:hover ._11ARF4IQO4h3HeKPpPg0xb{display:inline-block}._2IvhQwkgv_7K0Q3R0695Cs{border-radius:4px;border:1px solid var(--newCommunityTheme-line)}._2IvhQwkgv_7K0Q3R0695Cs:focus{outline:none}._1I3N-uBrbZH-ywcmCnwv_B{transition:all .1s linear 0s;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid var(--newCommunityTheme-line)}._1I3N-uBrbZH-ywcmCnwv_B:focus{outline:none}._1I3N-uBrbZH-ywcmCnwv_B.IeceazVNz_gGZfKXub0ak,._1I3N-uBrbZH-ywcmCnwv_B:hover{border:1px solid var(--newCommunityTheme-button)}._35hmSCjPO8OEezK36eUXpk._35hmSCjPO8OEezK36eUXpk._35hmSCjPO8OEezK36eUXpk{margin-top:25px;left:-9px}._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP,._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP:focus-within,._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP:hover{transition:all .1s linear 0s;border:none;padding:8px 8px 0}._25yWxLGH4C6j26OKFx8kD5{display:inline}._2YsVWIEj0doZMxreeY6iDG{font-size:12px;font-weight:400;line-height:16px;color:var(--newCommunityTheme-metaText);display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding:4px 6px}._1hFCAcL4_gkyWN0KM96zgg{color:var(--newCommunityTheme-button);margin-right:8px;margin-left:auto;color:var(--newCommunityTheme-errorText)}._1hFCAcL4_gkyWN0KM96zgg,._1dF0IdghIrnqkJiUxfswxd{font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:16px;cursor:pointer;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:flex-end;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}._1dF0IdghIrnqkJiUxfswxd{color:var(--newCommunityTheme-button)}._3VGrhUu842I3acqBMCoSAq{font-weight:700;color:#ff4500;text-transform:uppercase;margin-right:4px}._3VGrhUu842I3acqBMCoSAq,.edyFgPHILhf5OLH2vk-tk{font-size:12px;line-height:16px}.edyFgPHILhf5OLH2vk-tk{font-weight:400;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;margin-bottom:4px;color:var(--newCommunityTheme-metaText)}._19lMIGqzfTPVY3ssqTiZSX._19lMIGqzfTPVY3ssqTiZSX._19lMIGqzfTPVY3ssqTiZSX{margin-top:6px}._19lMIGqzfTPVY3ssqTiZSX._19lMIGqzfTPVY3ssqTiZSX._19lMIGqzfTPVY3ssqTiZSX._3MAHaXXXXi9Xrmc_oMPTdP{margin-top:4px} ( So perhaps VE, short for Vehicular English, would . This transatlantic trajectory resulted in an accent that couldn't be pinned to a map. Do you suppose hell turn up in trainers and a torn sweatshirt, with five-day stubble and a little ponytail at the back? Zi@P8 v#/5Zg3mV{X]xT=`Ft\TZg$FIQ/=@f{OyRg-wU0?OO|}9iw1q o28 f-ovq=3@htk[gfV5hiqvsqr\1+}+Su Z9aE2mU+V_QH.Ybnc y-o#(+5VzI!lVVs#C_ik;Bm& .\j$EN0(n"4\"G >Vg %kGVj>2/sd[6m@ [14] The related term "boarding-school lockjaw" has also been used to describe the accent once considered a characteristic of elite New England boarding school culture. You mustnt let me say an honest word this whole grisly evening . Urban, Mateusz (2021). Janet Barrow writes about the places where language meets history, culture, and politics. video file (mp4) Running/Tennis . [12] His distant cousin Franklin D. Roosevelt also employed a non-rhotic Mid-Atlantic accent,[13] though without the tapped r. In and around Boston, Massachusetts, a similar accent, in the late 19th century and early 20th century, was associated with the local urban elite: the Boston Brahmins. .LalRrQILNjt65y-p-QlWH{fill:var(--newRedditTheme-actionIcon);height:18px;width:18px}.LalRrQILNjt65y-p-QlWH rect{stroke:var(--newRedditTheme-metaText)}._3J2-xIxxxP9ISzeLWCOUVc{height:18px}.FyLpt0kIWG1bTDWZ8HIL1{margin-top:4px}._2ntJEAiwKXBGvxrJiqxx_2,._1SqBC7PQ5dMOdF0MhPIkA8{vertical-align:middle}._1SqBC7PQ5dMOdF0MhPIkA8{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center} Orson Welles, Shakespeare, and Popular Culture. Columbia University Press. ( ._3bX7W3J0lU78fp7cayvNxx{max-width:208px;text-align:center} After two years in Lima, Peru, she recently moved to Chicago. [46], After the accent's decline following the end of World War II, this American version of a "posh" accent has all but disappeared even among the American upper classes, as Americans have increasingly dissociated from the effete speaking styles of the East Coast elite;[13] if anything, the accent is now subject to ridicule in American popular culture. Now thats a movie! (With fake accent.) It was meant to sound like a blend of American and British English in order "for actors to have a . I'm quoting from the Wikipedia article on lingua franca here. ( . endobj ( Does anyone else's internal monologue have the Transatlantic accent Have you ever watched an old movie and been thrown off by the strange half-British, half-American accents employed by actors in the thirties and forties? The Trans-Atlantic Accent (or the Mid-Atlantic Accent) was a style of speech taught in affluent schools along the East Coast and in Hollywood Film Studios from the late nineteen tens until the mid-forties. How snoringly dull! In its prime, though, the accent was a symbol of the idealized nature of television and film. endobj 3. ", https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357134848_Franklin_D_Roosevelt_and_the_American_Theatre_Standard_The_low_vowels, http://web.mit.edu/flemming/www/paper/rosasroses.pdf, https://assets2.merriam-webster.com/mw/static/pdf/help/guide-to-pronunciation.pdf, "How a Fake British Accent Took Old Hollywood by Storm", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mid-Atlantic_accent&oldid=1141127744, An example of this accent appears in the television sitcom. ( MS Office, Adobe, HTML/XML, Scanned Document, etc. Maybe Edith Skinner has spelt out pronunciations and I just haven't found them yet, but just the PDF on its own just leaves me more confused. Historically Transatlantic speech was the hallmark of aristocratic . If you buy something through one of these links, we may earn an affiliate commission at no additional cost to you. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. The Transatlantic accent grew out of style following the end of World War II. xZ[o6~7p&5(` Ma0{P$&X,md*|",%C:8B~O'trN 8+,nqbdJ>z[wpt.?at&|/xo9L.A9HfN'8 D.xc(ls Hollywood studios encouraged actors to learn this accent into the 1940s. What was once the "transatlantic accent" was the accent often heard spoken in American movies from the 1940s and earlier. (Snapping.) JFIF ` ` C (Beat.) Who would want to see a film about John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor? Many of them followed the teachings of Australian phonetician William Tilly, who introduced a phonetically consistent standard of English called World English that would eventually come to define the sound of American classical acting for almost a century (Knight). Interestingly, Tilly himself had little interest in acting. Home Beyond Words The Trans-Atlantic Accent: The Rise and Fall of a Hollywood Trend. This is a place to learn how to do cool things that have no use other than killing time and impressing strangers. [11] Moreover, since at least the mid-19th century, upper-class communities on the East Coast of the United States increasingly adopted many of the phonetic qualities of Received Pronunciationthe standard accent of the British upper classas evidenced in recorded public speeches of the time, with some of these qualities, like non-rhoticity (sometimes called "r-lessness"), also shared by the regional dialects of Eastern New England and New York City. endobj Whether you abhor the accent for its woeful pretentiousness or adore its trilling, all-treble sound, I think we can all agree on one thing: the era of the Trans-Atlantic accent gave us some pretty incredible cinema. ._1QwShihKKlyRXyQSlqYaWW{height:16px;width:16px;vertical-align:bottom}._2X6EB3ZhEeXCh1eIVA64XM{margin-left:3px}._1jNPl3YUk6zbpLWdjaJT1r{font-size:12px;font-weight:500;line-height:16px;border-radius:2px;display:inline-block;margin-right:5px;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;vertical-align:text-bottom;white-space:pre;word-break:normal;padding:0 4px}._1jNPl3YUk6zbpLWdjaJT1r._39BEcWjOlYi1QGcJil6-yl{padding:0}._2hSecp_zkPm_s5ddV2htoj{font-size:12px;font-weight:500;line-height:16px;border-radius:2px;display:inline-block;margin-right:5px;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;vertical-align:text-bottom;white-space:pre;word-break:normal;margin-left:0;padding:0 4px}._2hSecp_zkPm_s5ddV2htoj._39BEcWjOlYi1QGcJil6-yl{padding:0}._1wzhGvvafQFOWAyA157okr{font-size:12px;font-weight:500;line-height:16px;border-radius:2px;margin-right:5px;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;vertical-align:text-bottom;white-space:pre;word-break:normal;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:14px;padding:0 4px}._3BPVpMSn5b1vb1yTQuqCRH,._1wzhGvvafQFOWAyA157okr{display:inline-block;height:16px}._3BPVpMSn5b1vb1yTQuqCRH{background-color:var(--newRedditTheme-body);border-radius:50%;margin-left:5px;text-align:center;width:16px}._2cvySYWkqJfynvXFOpNc5L{height:10px;width:10px}.aJrgrewN9C8x1Fusdx4hh{padding:2px 8px}._1wj6zoMi6hRP5YhJ8nXWXE{font-size:14px;padding:7px 12px}._2VqfzH0dZ9dIl3XWNxs42y{border-radius:20px}._2VqfzH0dZ9dIl3XWNxs42y:hover{opacity:.85}._2VqfzH0dZ9dIl3XWNxs42y:active{transform:scale(.95)} 1 0 obj ( video file (mov) Terra Hale Fitness Video. The Rise and Fall of Katharine Hepburn's Fake Accent Cant have a sexless marriage, lady. ._1sDtEhccxFpHDn2RUhxmSq{font-family:Noto Sans,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;line-height:18px;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-flow:row nowrap;flex-flow:row nowrap}._1d4NeAxWOiy0JPz7aXRI64{color:var(--newCommunityTheme-metaText)}.icon._3tMM22A0evCEmrIk-8z4zO{margin:-2px 8px 0 0} Mon, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 13:58. [17], World English as a phonetically consistent version of Mid-Atlantic pronunciation was advocated most strongly from the 1920s to the mid-1940s and was particularly embraced in this period within Northeastern independent preparatory schools mostly accessible to and supported by aristocratic American families. In the life of Mill? ( ._2FKpII1jz0h6xCAw1kQAvS{background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1),0 2px 3px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);transition:left .15s linear;border-radius:57%;width:57%}._2FKpII1jz0h6xCAw1kQAvS:after{content:"";padding-top:100%;display:block}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start;background-color:var(--newCommunityTheme-navIconFaded10);border:2px solid transparent;border-radius:100px;cursor:pointer;position:relative;width:35px;transition:border-color .15s linear,background-color .15s linear}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._3kUvbpMbR21zJBboDdBH7D{background-color:var(--newRedditTheme-navIconFaded10)}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._3kUvbpMbR21zJBboDdBH7D._1L5kUnhRYhUJ4TkMbOTKkI{background-color:var(--newRedditTheme-active)}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._3kUvbpMbR21zJBboDdBH7D._1L5kUnhRYhUJ4TkMbOTKkI._3clF3xRMqSWmoBQpXv8U5z{background-color:var(--newRedditTheme-buttonAlpha10)}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._1asGWL2_XadHoBuUlNArOq{border-width:2.25px;height:24px;width:37.5px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._1asGWL2_XadHoBuUlNArOq ._2FKpII1jz0h6xCAw1kQAvS{height:19.5px;width:19.5px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._1hku5xiXsbqzLmszstPyR3{border-width:3px;height:32px;width:50px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._1hku5xiXsbqzLmszstPyR3 ._2FKpII1jz0h6xCAw1kQAvS{height:26px;width:26px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._10hZCcuqkss2sf5UbBMCSD{border-width:3.75px;height:40px;width:62.5px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._10hZCcuqkss2sf5UbBMCSD ._2FKpII1jz0h6xCAw1kQAvS{height:32.5px;width:32.5px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._1fCdbQCDv6tiX242k80-LO{border-width:4.5px;height:48px;width:75px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._1fCdbQCDv6tiX242k80-LO ._2FKpII1jz0h6xCAw1kQAvS{height:39px;width:39px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._2Jp5Pv4tgpAsTcnUzTsXgO{border-width:5.25px;height:56px;width:87.5px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._2Jp5Pv4tgpAsTcnUzTsXgO ._2FKpII1jz0h6xCAw1kQAvS{height:45.5px;width:45.5px}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._1L5kUnhRYhUJ4TkMbOTKkI{-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;background-color:var(--newCommunityTheme-active)}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._3clF3xRMqSWmoBQpXv8U5z{cursor:default}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._3clF3xRMqSWmoBQpXv8U5z ._2FKpII1jz0h6xCAw1kQAvS{box-shadow:none}._2e2g485kpErHhJQUiyvvC2._1L5kUnhRYhUJ4TkMbOTKkI._3clF3xRMqSWmoBQpXv8U5z{background-color:var(--newCommunityTheme-buttonAlpha10)} ( Soon many actors, including Hepburn, were taking elocution classes to train their voices for the big screen. She starts using the Transatlantic accent at the 2:12 . Always make sure the breath is properly supported by the diaphragm, and the jaw is REALLY dropped/relaxed enough for the breath to fully resonate through those nice, open vowels. ( <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S>> How to find out, and whether you should care", "Some Canadians used to speak with a quasi-British accent called Canadian Dainty", "Mid-Atlantic definition and meaning Collins English Dictionary", "mid-Atlantic (adjective) definition and synonyms Macmillan Dictionary", "mid-Atlantic accent meaning of mid-Atlantic accent in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English LDOCE", "On TV, Buckley Led Urbane Debating Club", "How Dean Acheson Won the Cold War: Statesmanship, Morality, and Foreign Policy", New York City Accents Changing with the Times, "Kate Hudson and Gigi Hadid Are All About These Customized Bags", Louis Auchincloss, the Last of the Gentlemen Novelists, With Mailer's death, U.S. loses a colorful writer and character SFGate, Empress of fashion: a life of Diana Vreeland, "The First American Anti-Nazi Film, Rediscovered", "Listen to Samuel Eliot Morison, 1936 - Harvard Voices by Harvard University in Harvard Voices playlist online for free on SoundCloud", The Rise and Fall of Katharine Hepburn's Fake Accent, "Why Did William F. Buckley Jr. talk like that? They see an intelligent script and they dont know what to do with it any more than they know what to do with an intelligent president who can talk in complete sentences. I learned about this accent from Amy Walker's "21 Accents" video on YouTube. Hell have a handshake thatll crush every bone in your fingers, wait and see. The Mid-Atlantic accent, or Transatlantic accent, [1] [2] [3] is a consciously learned accent of English, fashionably used by the late 19th-century and early 20th-century American upper class and entertainment industry, which blended together features regarded as the most prestigious from both American and British English (specifically Received It makes perfect sense. Linguistic prescriptivists, Tilly and his adherents emphatically promoted their new Mid-Atlantic speech standard, which they called "World English". Here Ive been a good girl, toadying up to the men in the company, and finally I get a chance to produce my film, with my script . Directors liked the accent for its neutrality and sophistication, which made it easy to use in films that werent setting-specific. ]Im$`}{{mGI{QsR+8XC}z\Z\!$Wv?E]6ApdIhq. (Bitterly, with fake Yank accent.) document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); To facilitate a faster, more accurate estimate, please provide the following information in the Notes section of your request: For further assistance, please call us during business hours (9 AM to 6:00 PM ET) at 800.895.8210. Mark Wahlberg, who grew up in Southie, gets it down perfectly, of course. Its release signaled the end of the silent film era and the ushering in of sound films. 2 0 obj <> [48] Self-help author and 2020 Democratic presidential candidate Marianne Williamson has a unique accent that, following her participation in the first 2020 presidential debate in June 2019,[49][50][51] was widely discussed and sometimes described as a Mid-Atlantic accent. An unpracticed, inexperienced Transatlantic voice-over will be detrimental to your production. <> https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/08/language-mystery-when-did-americans-stop-sounding-this-way/243326/. It was of nowhere in particular, but rather handsome all the same. Look for 'David Allen Stern', he has a bunch of accent-coaching CDs. ( Why were all these rich people cultivating faux-British accents? Although it has disappeared as a standard of high society and high culture, the Transatlantic accent has still been heard in some media in the second half of the 20th century, or even more recently, for the sake of historical, humorous, or other stylistic reasons: The Mid-Atlantic accent was carefully taught as a model of "correct" English in American elocution classes,[6] and it was also taught for use in the American theatre prior to the 1960s, after which it fell out of vogue. describe that such "r-less pronunciation, following Received Pronunciation, was taught as a model of correct, international English by schools of speech, acting, and elocution in the United States up to the end of World War II".[6]. . ( Its distinctive sound is part of what defines the style of the Golden Age of Hollywood. Oh, bloody marvelous. ( [64] Actor and singer David Cassidy noted that his father, Jack Cassidy, used the Mid-Atlantic accent.[65]. right in the kisser. ", "Why Did Old-Timey Baseball Announcers Talk the Way They Did? 1. The Transatlantic accent is sometimes thought of as that "old-timey" way of speaking in 1930s and 1940s films; but its usage and impact extends far beyond American cinema. It's Karissa! No, youre right, we gotta think positive. George Clooney famously botched it in Perfect Storm, but not as badly as Kevin Costner did in 13 Days.

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