For example, in 2010, two Winnipeg teachers were under investigation after performing a sexually suggestive dirty dance at a high school dance competition. 2010). Social For example, the government funds public schools, which play a key role in children's socialization. Smaller groups of friends exist within the school setting, and these peer groups often have names that suggest the lifestyle characteristics of the members (Sussman et al. Similarly, students who attend private schools can be conceptualized as having been streamed into elite classes that tend to reproduce social stratification in society. Describe the processes by which socialization occurs in schools. School administrators argued that the girls were in violation of the school dress code and that the practice had been banned by school because the duct tape outfits had become too racy in previous years.7. What group(s) were you in? Such school environments have been found to breed delinquent behaviour and academic failure. The outer ring consists of implicit moral instruction, where students are provided with moral exemplars in more sophisticated ways, such as through the curriculum of history and literature. This, in turn, influenced students motivation and performance. Especially in early grades, the relationship that a child has with his or her teacher has a very important impact on emotional, social, behavioural, and academic adjustment (Pianta 1999). Socialization that occurs within the family, where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. Within these two generalizations, however, much differentiation existed regarding the amount of money spent on the clothing. Less overt ways of instilling values through curricular practices are also found in citizenship education, which teaches students about being good citizens. Citizenship education is present in the primary and secondary curricula of all Canadian provinces and territories (Evans 2006). Researchers have determined that bully victims are weak in temperament (Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), lack physical strength (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), and are somehow different in terms of looks (including race), dress, or physical ability (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Fried 1997). This story represents school at its most frightening and disturbing. Opponents of streaming note that those from disadvantaged and working-class backgrounds are disproportionately found in the vocational stream (Cheung 2007; Davies and Guppy 2006). And they appear to be functioning effectively as members of adult society (p. 119). The exceptions, of course, are private schools and many Catholic schools, where uniforms are traditional. This act supplanted the Education Act (Section 23), which previously allowed only principals to suspend students and school boards to expel students. Policy in which specific code infractions result in immediate punishment, usually in the form of suspension or expulsion, and sometimes involving the police. The dimension of socialization in which children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression, which reflect normative cultural values. What solutions are being offered? Not all schools in Canada have top-down rule making, as described above and criticized by Raby (2005). Moral education and character education are even found in some provinces curricula (Box 6.1). Brint (1998) identifies three major dimensions of socialization as it pertains to schooling, which are illustrated in Figure 6.1. Young people tend to build their social identities around specific peer groups, particularly in adolescence. Studies have found that classrooms in the lower tracks have a variety of less desirable characteristics that undoubtedly impact on the learning of students such as less experienced teachers, less challenging coursework, and teachers with lower expectations of students (Katz 1999). This curriculum is intended as preparation for calculus at the university level.. This begins at birth and continues throughout life; Successful socialization enables people to fit into all kinds of social groups. Brint (1998) notes that young children, for example, may be assigned reading material that warns of the consequences of not having such virtues. What problems are being identified? How do they contribute to student socialization? As noted by the authors of these studies, such findings also suggest that zero tolerance policies that result in the suspension of problem students may be doing additional damage as they serve to severely weaken the bond that a child has with his or her school (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). Students who exhibit higher academic aptitude are put with similar students into advanced courses where they will be challenged. Schools which have vague and inconsistently enforced rules and ambiguous responses to rule-breaking, teachers and administration who do not agree on rules, and students who do not believe that the rules are legitimate are typically associated with higher discipline problems and have a poor school climate (Welsh et al. 2007). Secondary socialization happens throughout our lives, as we interact with In addition to features of the school and teacher characteristics, a major part of socialization at school involves students interaction with their peer group. No scientific evidence has been found that supports the idea that males perform better when taught by male teachers, either in Canada (Coulter and McNay 1993; Sokal et al. What are the outcomes of home schooling in terms of the socialization of children? A major emphasis in the curriculum is learning practical life skills and how to develop trust for persons in authority. Agents Of Socialization: Family, School, Peers, And Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. If students believe that their teacher has lower expectations of them, this can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy of low achievement. The reading scores of boys have been framed by many as a global moral panic (because of the attention the issue is receiving around the world) because there is a perception that outperformance by girls threatens the established gendered social order. Previous explanations of males outperformance of females in science and mathematics suggested that biological factors predisposed males to be better at more technical subjects than females. Streaming, as a way of dividing students into ability groupings, was described as creating internalized roles for students which may force them into social categories that are difficult to move out of. Variation and Formulas Completing a Portfolio, English Language Arts Streaming in Alberta, Mathematics is not the only subject that is streamed. The role of peer groups was also discussed. There is one teacher for a large group of children and the relationship with the teacher is less personal than a childparent relationship. 5. In a study of secondary students responses to dress codes, Raby (2010) found that many girls regarded specific aspects of dress codes overly restrictive (such as the prohibition of tank tops with spaghetti straps) but were often quick to condemn girls who wore revealing clothing as sluts. While wanting to challenge gender inequalities, they were also active participants in reproducing them. Such rules were routinely broken and created resentment among students for what they perceived as ridiculous rules that teachers spent far too much time enforcing, and were often seen to enforce in targeted and unegalitarian ways. This type of socialization is accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. Language arts and science, as mentioned above, are also often divided into applied and academic trajectories. As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. Children, however, will now have other significant people in their lives from whom they will learn the skills of social interaction. The main thrust of this argument is that teaching staff are disproportionately comprised of females who value certain behaviours (like passivity and obedience, which tend to be found more in girls) and subject matter (like reading, which does not appeal to males as much), and that to improve boys performance, more males must be brought into the profession (Skelton 2002; Titus 2004). The girls argued that they were honouring a school tradition by wearing duct tape clothing to the game and that their attire was modest. In school, we also learn social skills through our interactions with teachers, staff, and other students. Placing students in special education, for example, requires that students be labelled as formally needing specialized assistance in order to succeed with curricular expectations (Hibel, Farkas, and Morgan 2010). During the process of cultural conformity, children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression. Pomerantz (2007) argues that dress codes work to contain young womens sexuality (p. 383) through the reproduction of a specific type of femininityone that is White, middle-class, and heterosexual. While gender roles are learned in primary socialization in the family, they can become further enforced or challenged in the school environment (Leaper and Friedman 2007). A possible reason for this is that teachers may talk in staff meetings about students whom they perceive as problematic, which may influence future teachers interactions with those students. The Ontario Human Rights Commission launched a complaint against the Toronto District School Board, indicating that students with certain types of disabilities were being discriminated against. The second dimension of socialization is moral conformity, which refers to the process of a student internalizing the preferred understanding of what is right and wrong. But why would home schooled children be better socialized, as many American proponents have indicated? For example, we learn the importance of obeying authority and Introduction to the Sociology of Education, A Case Study of a Major Education-Related News Item in Canada, Using the Sociology of Education to Help Understand the Events in Attawapiskat, Bronfenbrenner and Ecological Systems Theory, The Development of Education in the Rest of Canada, The History of Aboriginal Education in Canada, Funding of Primary and Secondary Education in Canada, Public and Private Post-secondary Education, Historical Events in Canadian Curriculum Development. Socializing This is the complete list of articles we have written about socializing. School dress codes can be a particularly contentious topic, particularly when the dress code rules appear to be targeting particular groups and if they do not appear to be enforced fairly. The disadvantages experienced by Aboriginal children in Canadian schools may be at least partially driven by the self-fulfilling prophecy. It was emphasized that children have to learn how to be students and that the teacher is largely in charge of not only subject-specific education, but also the teaching of morals and values. 2007), teens in the deviant groups tended to have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction compared to other groups, and also tended to have poor parenting. Attempts to attract more males to the teaching profession have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. With school teachers being almost exclusively female, the feminization of schoolingargument suggests that schools are a place where male interests are not cultivated. As discussed in Chapter 2, while policymakers have made recent attempts to mix the vocational and academic trajectories together in high school in order to make them more comparable, students expressed that, based upon the feedback they received from teachers, academic trajectories were preferred and that vocational paths were stigmatized (Taylor 2010). The Safe Schools Act changed the policy to one of mandatory suspensions and expulsions and police involvement for particular rule infractions, provided that mitigating factors were taken into account. The failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. These behaviours, however, served only to reproduce their working-class membership. Incorporating technology into the classroom has also been suggested as a way to improve boys reading achievement, particularly through the use of the internet. Social Stratification In Education While these groupings are very broad, they do point to the consistency of general groups over time and across English-speaking countries. As discussed in Chapter 2, Millington, Vertinsky, Boyle, and Wilson (2008) studied physical education curriculum in a Vancouver high school. Clubs, Fraternities, and Sororities. (2007) found that across numerous studies from the English-speaking world, peer groups generally fell into five very broad categories: elites, athletes, deviants, academics, and others. Streaming not only serves to increase the efficiency of teaching and classroom management, but also results in social groupings of students that have significant social meaning within and outside of the school. The first zone is called the core. Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice. According to Raby, adolescent girls resistance is hard to characterize because it expresses itself within local, micro-struggles working in an oppositional but sporadic, diffuse, and localized manner (p. 148). The Britney look consisted of tight jeans and midriff-baring tops, while the JLo look was characterized by figure-hugging velour track suits. In contrast, Pre-calculus mathematics is described as designed for students who will be continuing studies at the post-secondary level in fields related to mathematics and science. 4. The ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. The first of these dimensions is behavioural conformity. An applied stream is called Consumer Mathematics, while the academic stream is called Pre-calculus Mathematics. Our peer group is also important because typically our peers share the same interest which lays foundation for support and socialization amongst the group. Their focus on fashion and popular music largely shaped the popular girls lives and friendships with one another, as well as their relationships with other peers inside and outside of the school. First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist. These labels are not easily shed and can have spillover effects into other areas of social interaction, such as peer relations and future teacher expectations (Jones 1972).

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